OPINION

HURWITZ, Circuit Judge:

Leonard Avila, a police officer, periodically worked through his lunch break but did not claim overtime. According to his commanding officer, Avila was a model officer. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), however, deemed Avila insubordinate for not claiming overtime and fired him.

Not coincidentally, that termination occurred only after Avila had testified in a Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) lawsuit brought by fellow officer, Edward Maciel, who sought overtime pay for working through his lunch hours. Avila then brought this action, claiming that he was fired in retaliation for testifying, in violation of the FLSA anti-retaliation provision, 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3). The evidence at trial was that the only officers disciplined for not claiming overtime were those who testified against the LAPD in the Maciel suit, notwithstanding uncontested evidence that the practice was widespread in the LAPD.

A jury returned a verdict in favor of Avila on his FLSA anti-retaliation claim. On appeal, the City of Los Angeles and the LAPD contend that the jury was not correctly instructed. We find no reversible error and affirm.

I

In January 2008, Leonard Avila testified under subpoena in a FLSA suit against the City of Los Angeles in the Central District of California brought by Maciel, who sought overtime pay under 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1) for working through his lunch hour. Avila testified that he and many other LAPD officers, including his supervisors, operated under an unwritten policy of not claiming overtime for working through lunch. After Avila testified, the LAPD filed an internal investigation complaint against him and another officer who testified at the Maciel trial, Richard Romney, alleging that they had been insubordinate by not submitting requests for overtime.

The officers were ordered to appear before the LAPD Board of Rights (BOR), a disciplinary review body. Avila was sworn in, entered a plea of not guilty, heard opening statements, but resigned during the hearing's lunch break to accept a job with another law enforcement agency. The BOR nonetheless proceeded against Avila in absentia. The board found Avila guilty of insubordination and recommended termination, and the Chief of Police then so ordered. Romney was also fired.1

Avila then sued the LAPD and the City of Los Angeles (collectively, the "City") in the Central District of California, asserting claims under the anti-retaliation provision of FLSA (29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3)), 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and California law.2 The City moved for summary judgment, arguing that because Avila never sought judicial review of the BOR decision, his federal claims were precluded. The district court denied the motion, but precluded Avila from challenging any factual findings made by the BOR.

After Avila rested at trial, the court granted the City's motion for judgment as a matter of law on the state law claims. The jury found in favor of Avila on his FLSA claim, but against him on the § 1983 claim, and awarded damages of $50,000. The district court entered a judgment on the jury verdict, and later amended it to award Avila $50,000 in liquidated damages and $579,400 in attorney's fees. We have jurisdiction over the City's appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

II

The City first contends that the BOR recommendation that Avila's employment be terminated precludes his FLSA retaliation claim. We review the district court's rejection of that argument de novo. Frank v. United Airlines, Inc., 216 F.3d 845, 849-50 (9th Cir.2000).

A state agency determination is entitled to preclusive effect if three requirements are satisfied: "(1) that the administrative agency act in a judicial capacity, (2) that the agency resolve disputed issues of fact properly before it, and (3) that the parties have an adequate opportunity to litigate." Miller v. Cnty. of Santa Cruz, 39 F.3d 1030, 1033 (9th Cir.1994) (citing United States v. Utah Constr. & Mining Co., 384 U.S. 394, 422, 86 S.Ct. 1545, 16 L.Ed.2d 642 (1966)). We give state administrative agency judgments the same preclusive effect they receive in state court. Univ. of Tenn. v. Elliott, 478 U.S. 788, 799, 106 S.Ct. 3220, 92 L.Ed.2d 635 (1986).

The dispositive question is whether the BOR actually decided whether Avila was fired in retaliation for testifying in the Maciel action. The City relies heavily on White v. City of Pasadena, 671 F.3d 918 (9th Cir.2012), in urging issue preclusion. The plaintiff in White was a police officer who challenged her termination in a grievance proceeding. Id. at 922. At an administrative hearing before an arbiter, White presented "evidence that the City's investigation and her termination were in retaliation" for a lawsuit she had filed against the City. Id. at 924. The arbiter found that the City had not demonstrated just cause for termination, but also found that White had not shown that she was a victim of retaliation. Id. After an independent review of the record, the City Manager upheld the termination, specifically rejecting White's retaliation claims. Id. White's subsequent civil rights action against the City again raised the retaliation claim. Id. at 925. The district court dismissed the claim, and we affirmed, finding the administrative determination issue preclusive. Id. at 930-31.

This case is quite different. Here, neither the BOR decision nor the termination order addressed the issue of retaliation. The administrative proceedings simply found Avila guilty of the one count in the complaint: "Prior to 2008, you, while on duty, were insubordinate to the department when you failed to submit requests for compensation for overtime that you had worked, as directed through department publications." The district court thus properly concluded that the agency had not determined the motive for the disciplinary action. See L.A. Police Protective League v. Gates, 995 F.2d 1469, 1474-75 (9th Cir.1993) (holding that a BOR determination "could not have preclusive effect on the different issue the jury faced"). There is no issue preclusion.

III

Avila claimed that the real reason he was fired was not because he worked through lunch without requesting overtime, but rather because he testified in the Maciel lawsuit. The City does not dispute that if Avila's claim is true, the termination violated FLSA, which makes it "unlawful for any person ... to discharge or in any other manner discriminate against any employee because such employee ... has testified... in any [FLSA] proceeding...." 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3). Nor does the City contend that the evidence below was insufficient to support the jury verdict. Rather, the City's only argument on appeal is that the jury was not properly instructed.

A.

It is important to note at the outset precisely what issues are and are not before this court with respect to the jury instructions. The City requested an instruction that Avila was required to prove that his testifying at the Maciel trial was a "motivating factor" in his termination. In contrast, Avila had requested an instruction that he was required to prove that his testifying was the "but-for cause" of the termination. The district court gave the City's requested instruction, which was consistent with Ninth Circuit law. See Knickerbocker v. City of Stockton, 81 F.3d 907, 911 (9th Cir.1996) (requiring that retaliation be a "substantial factor" in adverse action). The City does not argue on appeal that the district court erred in giving the "motivating factor" instruction. See United States v. Guthrie, 931 F.2d 564, 567 (9th Cir.1991) (discussing invited error).3

The City did request an instruction that there was no liability under the FLSA anti-retaliation provision if the "same decision" would have been made had Avila not testified. Originally, developed in Title VII cases, the same decision affirmative defense shields an employer from liability when an adverse action is based both on protected and unprotected activities; the employer has the burden of "proving that it would have made the same decision in the absence of" the protected activity. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 254, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989); see also Knickerbocker, 81 F.3d at 911.

But, the City's briefs on appeal do not assign as error the district court's refusal to give the "same decision" instruction. Arguments "not raised clearly and distinctly in the opening brief" are waived. McKay v. Ingleson, 558 F.3d 888, 891 n. 5 (9th Cir.2009).

Indeed, even if, like our dissenting colleague, we were to take up the issue sua sponte, the result would be the same. "There must be a sufficient evidentiary foundation to support giving the instruction." Gantt v. City of L.A., 717 F.3d 702, 706-07 (9th Cir.2013). The uncontested evidence in this case is that Avila would not have been fired had he not testified. Indeed, an LAPD official confirmed at trial that the only officers disciplined for the overtime violations were those who testified in the Maciel action, and that Avila would never have been disciplined had he not testified. The City's counsel also candidly conceded this at oral argument. And, the only evidence introduced at the disciplinary hearing was Avila's testimony in the Maciel matter. There thus was simply no evidentiary foundation for a same decision instruction. See Lambert v. Ackerley, 180 F.3d 997, 1009 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc) (holding a district court's failure to give a same decision instruction harmless because "the evidence before the jury strongly support[ed] the conclusion that the plaintiffs were discharged in retaliation for their overtime complaints and that they would not have been discharged had they not engaged in this protected conduct").

B.

The only issue on the merits actually raised by the City is whether the district court committed reversible error in declining to give the jury two requested special instructions and to submit several proposed special verdict questions tied to those instructions.

The proposed instructions were:

The proposed special verdict questions were, as relevant to this appeal:

After declining the proposed instructions, the district court read the following stipulation to the jury:

The district court then instructed the jury as follows:

The City did not object to these instructions.

After the jury asked a question about protected activity, the City renewed its requests for the supplemental instructions and the special verdicts. The district court told the jury to rely on its original instructions. The verdict in favor of Avila on the FLSA claim followed.

C.

The City requested the special instructions in support of its argument that it had not fired Avila because he testified, but rather because he failed to request overtime. The City also argues that FLSA only prohibits adverse action based on the fact that Avila testified at the Maciel trial, not the use of his testimony.

To the extent that the City is urging that it would have reached the same decision on terminating Avila in the absence of his testimony, as we have noted above, the district court was well within its discretion in refusing to give the supplemental instructions. There was no evidence to support the same decision defense; the City's own witness made plain that only those who testified in the Maciel suit were disciplined for failing to take overtime. It simply cannot be argued on this record that Avila would have been fired had he not testified.

The City's argument that the firing was not in contravention of the FLSA anti-retaliation clause because it was based on the content of Avila's testimony, not on the mere fact that he had "testified," fails for the same reason. The only evidence against Avila was his testimony in the FLSA action, and it was conceded that only those who testified in the FLSA action were disciplined for not seeking overtime. We leave for another day whether use of an employee's trial testimony is entirely forbidden in an adverse action when there is also other evidence of the alleged infraction before the decision maker; no such evidence was proffered by the City here.

Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in telling the jury, after it posed a question on protected activity, to rely on the original instructions. See United States v. Romero-Avila, 210 F.3d 1017, 1024 (9th Cir.2000); see also United States v. Alvarez-Valenzuela, 231 F.3d 1198, 1202 (9th Cir.2000) (noting that this practice avoids "possible error sometimes found in trying to elaborate on a given instruction"). The supplemental instructions would have done more to confuse than to clarify. See Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 804 (9th Cir.2005) (noting that jury instructions "must not be misleading") (quotation marks and citation omitted). Avila never argued to the jury that his testimony insulated him from adverse action or that it could not be used in a disciplinary proceeding. Nor did he claim that he could not be fired for failing to request overtime.5 Rather, Avila's claim was that the true reason he was fired was because he testified against his employer in a FLSA action, not because he violated the overtime rules.

Indeed, the LAPD's representative at the BOR hearing conceded that Avila had been investigated only because he testified at the Maciel trial, testifying that the

More tellingly, Commander Maslin admitted that despite uncontested evidence that thousands of officers, including Avila's superiors, routinely did not claim overtime for lunch, the only officers singled out for discipline were those who testified at the Maciel action.6 Nor was there any claim that Avila was disciplined for anything else. When Avila resigned, his commanding officer wrote that "Officer Avila was a stellar employee and an individual of personal integrity and honor. He performed his duties well, got along well with his co-workers, and was respected by his peers. This Department is losing a valuably trained asset."

In short, as this case was tried, the issue for jury resolution was not whether the LAPD could fire Avila for not claiming overtime or whether his trial testimony could be used in the administrative hearing. Rather, the only issue was whether the reason given by the LAPD for the termination was a pretext. That is precisely what the FLSA anti-retaliation provision forbids. See 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3) (making it unlawful to discharge an employee "because such employee ... has testified" in a FLSA action); see also Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., ___ U.S.___, 131 S.Ct. 1325, 1333, 179 L.Ed.2d 379 (2011) (holding that the anti-retaliation provision makes FLSA's "enforcement scheme effective by preventing `fear of economic retaliation' from inducing workers `quietly to accept substandard conditions'") (quoting Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288, 292, 80 S.Ct. 332, 4 L.Ed.2d 323 (1960)). "[T]he First Amendment similarly protects a public employee who provided truthful sworn testimony, compelled by subpoena, outside the course of his ordinary job responsibilities." Lane v. Franks, ___ U.S.___, 134 S.Ct. 2369, 189 L.Ed.2d 312 (2014).

Put differently, the only issue for the jury in this case was whether the City was telling the truth in claiming that it fired a model employee (who was hired by another police force even as the termination action was pending),7 for not seeking all the pay that he might have. The district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to give the requested supplemental instructions. See Yan Fang Du v. Allstate Ins. Co., 697 F.3d 753, 757 (9th Cir.2012) ("Whether there is sufficient evidence to support an instruction is reviewed for abuse of discretion."); Hunter v. Cnty. of Sacramento, 652 F.3d 1225, 1232 (9th Cir. 2011) (noting that we review formulation of instructions for abuse of discretion).

IV

The City also contends that the district court abused its discretion in awarding attorney's fees and liquidated damages.8 We disagree.

A.

FLSA authorizes an award of reasonable attorney's fees to a prevailing plaintiff in anti-retaliation suits. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). We review fee awards for abuse of discretion. Mendez v. Cnty. of San Bernardino, 540 F.3d 1109, 1124 (9th Cir. 2008). The City does not contest that Avila was the successful party, rather it contends that the award was too large.

Avila originally requested $748,522.50 in fees. The district court, in a thorough order, instead awarded $579,400. The court reduced the lead counsel's requested rate, eliminated administrative, clerical, and unproductive hours, and deducted 30% of the time with vague billing descriptions. The district court also granted the City a 10% reduction in the overall amount of the fees requested to account for time "expended on the failed claims," notwithstanding that these claims were "based upon the same core set of facts and generally related legal theories" as the successful claim. Given the district court's careful explanations of its reasons for the award, we find no abuse of discretion.

B.

FLSA also allows a successful plaintiff in an anti-retaliation suit to recover liquidated damages. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). We review such awards for abuse of discretion. EEOC v. First Citizens Bank of Billings, 758 F.2d 397, 402 (9th Cir.1985).

The district court awarded liquidated damages because they "would work to compensate [Avila] for a delay in payment of wages owed and also provide an incentive for future employees to report wage and hour violations by their employers." The City contends that the latter part of the court's statement shows that the liquidated damages award was improperly punitive. The trial judge, however, plainly indicated a compensatory purpose, and liquidated damages are not rendered punitive merely because they also have an incidental deterrent effect. See Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O'Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 709-10, 65 S.Ct. 895, 89 L.Ed. 1296 (1945) (noting that Congress "plainly intended" section 16(b) to have a "deterrent effect").

V

For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court's judgment.

VINSON, District Judge, dissenting:

This is a very troubling case that raises a number of significant legal issues. I will limit the focus of my dissent, however, to what I believe is the most serious and manifest error: the jury instructions.

This is also a very important case, for retaliation claims based on federal statutes are increasingly a major part of employment litigation in federal courts. Recent cases from the Supreme Court of the United States, see note 3 infra, have highlighted new interpretations of the causation standard in some of these cases. All parties who deal with those laws, including employers and employees, their attorneys, district judges, and trial juries, need more clarification and certainty in this area. Unfortunately, the majority's opinion does not provide that.

I

Before turning to the jury instructions, it might be helpful to briefly discuss the nature of the testimony at issue in this case. The majority repeatedly states that Avila and two fellow officers, Romney and Anderson, were disciplined only after they testified in the Maciel litigation. See, e.g., Maj. Op. at 1098 ("[The] termination occurred only after Avila had testified in [the Maciel suit.]"); accord id. at 1099 ("The evidence at trial was that the only officers disciplined ... were those who testified against the LAPD in the Maciel suit[.]"). Although technically true, the substance of their Maciel testimony is critical, as Avila, Romney, and Anderson were also the only officers who had openly admitted to insubordination while they testified. Specifically, they admitted that for several years they failed to report overtime — and failed to report supervisors who allegedly told them to do so — even though they knew it was "serious misconduct" for which they could be fired. Accordingly, when the majority says "the only officers singled out for discipline were those who testified at the Maciel action", id. at 1103-04, it is more complete and factually accurate to say that "the only officers singled out for discipline were those who testified at the Maciel action and who admitted under oath that for years they knowingly and repeatedly violated policies that they were specifically told would subject them to termination." It is important to keep in mind that Avila, Romney, and Anderson did more than "testify" in the Maciel case.1

To the extent that the majority appears to believe that someone who testifies in an otherwise protected hearing is, ipso facto, immunized from the consequences of any self-incriminating admissions made during his testimony, I disagree. There is a clear and legally recognized distinction between the mere act of testifying on one hand and, on the other hand, making admissions while testifying that provide independent grounds for discipline. See Merritt v. Dillard Paper Co., 120 F.3d 1181, 1188-91 (11th Cir.1997) (concluding that an employee who testified in a protected Title VII case and admitted sexual harassment could be fired and that in "virtually every" such case the employer would be entitled to summary judgment, absent direct evidence of retaliation or pretext); cf. Lane v. Franks, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2369, 2381 n. 5, 189 L.Ed.2d 312 (2014) (noting in a First Amendment retaliation case: "Of course ... wrongdoing that an employee admits to while testifying may be a valid basis for termination or other discipline."). Although the act of testifying is protected, the testimony itself is not privileged. This distinction is rooted in both reason and common sense.2

Now to the jury instruction problem.

II

The FLSA makes it unlawful to take adverse action against an employee "because such employee has ... testified" in a FLSA proceeding. 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3). As this court previously explained in the Title VII context, to prove a violation of such a statute, an employee may have evidence from which "the only reasonable conclusion a jury could reach is that discriminatory animus is the sole cause for the challenged employment action or that discrimination played no role at all in the employer's decisionmaking[.]" See Costa v. Desert Palace, Inc., 299 F.3d 838, 856 (9th Cir.2002) (emphasis in original), aff'd 539 U.S. 90, 123 S.Ct. 2148, 156 L.Ed.2d 84 (2003). In such "sole cause" (or "pretext") cases, the jury must be instructed "to determine whether the challenged action was taken `because of' the prohibited reason," and, if the jury finds that it was, the employee prevails. Id. If, on the other hand, the jury determines that it "played no role at all", the employer prevails. Id.

However, where there is evidence of more than one potential cause for the adverse action (so-called "mixed motive" cases), a different instruction should be used. Thus, if the evidence at trial "could support a finding that discrimination is one of two or more reasons for the challenged decision, at least one of which may be legitimate, the jury should be instructed to determine first whether the discriminatory reason was `a motivating factor' in the challenged action." Id. at 856-57. If the jury answers that question in the affirmative, the employee prevails unless the employer can then prove that it would have made the "same decision" even if the impermissible factor (protected activity) had not been considered. See id. at 857; accord Knickerbocker v. City of Stockton, 81 F.3d 907, 911 & n. 2 (9th Cir.1996) (holding same in the FLSA retaliation context). In other words, if there is enough evidence to support it, the "mixed motive" jury instruction is called for, where the appropriate causation standard is only "a motivating factor" but which must be coupled with a "same decision" affirmative defense instruction.

Before trial, Avila proposed a "sole cause" instruction under Ninth Circuit Model Instruction No. 10:3, which provided that he would prevail on his claim if he showed: (1) that he engaged in protected conduct; (2) that he was subjected to an adverse job action; and (3) that he was subjected to that action "because of" the protected conduct. The City objected to the instruction as it did not account for its defense that there were valid, independent, and nonretaliatory grounds for Avila's termination — namely, his admitted insubordination — and that the LAPD "would have acted as it did regardless of any protected activity by plaintiff." The City thus requested a "mixed motive" jury instruction with the "motivating factor" causation standard, along with the following "same decision" affirmative defense:

(Emphasis added). This "same decision" defense instruction was taken verbatim from the "mixed motive" alternative instruction in the then-current Ninth Circuit Model Instruction No. 10:3.3

The City also proposed the two special instructions that the majority has quoted in full. See Maj. Op. at 1101-02. The underlying purpose of these instructions was to tell the jury of the distinction between the act of testifying, which cannot serve as a basis for adverse action, and admitting to misconduct while testifying, which can.

The trial judge rejected both special instructions, but he appeared to agree that the evidence supported a "mixed motive" instruction. Yet, he ended up giving a combination of a portion of the "mixed motive" and a portion of the "sole cause" instructions.4 First, he instructed the jury that Avila would prevail if he proved that his testimony in Maciel was "a motivating factor" for the challenged action, which the court defined as "a reason that contributed to the decision to take certain action even though other reasons also may have contributed to the decision." So far, so good. However, the judge went astray by omitting the "same decision" affirmative defense language from this circuit's model instruction and, instead, instructing the jury as follows on the City's defense:

This instruction has nothing to do with the "same decision" defense, and it mixes apples with oranges. It told the jury that Avila would prevail if he proved that his participation in the protected activity was "a motivating factor" (i.e., a contributing reason among others) for the adverse action, which could then be overcome only if the City could turn around and prove that the protected activity "played no role" at all. This illogical and internally inconsistent instruction was not the same decision affirmative defense set out in the Ninth Circuit pattern jury instructions, which the City had requested.5

On this issue, Knickerbocker is instructive. That was a mixed motive FLSA retaliation case in which the employee argued that the adverse employment action "should be deemed retaliatory if the protected conduct was `in any way' a part of the employer's decision", 81 F.3d at 911 n. 2, which is merely the inverse way of arguing that the employer, to prevail, must demonstrate that the protected conduct "played no role" in the decision. This circuit rejected that argument, stating that it was "wiser" to conclude in FLSA mixed motive cases that the employer need only prove that, although the protected conduct "played a role," it would have done the same thing even if "the proper reason alone had existed." See id. at 911 & n. 2.6

Notably, the majority opinion does not dispute that the "no role" instruction was erroneous. Instead, it appears to suggest three reasons why that error does not warrant reversal: waiver, insufficient evidence, and harmless error.

A.

For its first rationale, the majority contends that the error has been waived because the City did not clearly and distinctly raise the issue in its opening brief. See Maj. Op. at 1100-01. Although the City had requested the Ninth Circuit's pattern "mixed motive" instruction — which included the incorporated "same decision" affirmative defense — it did not expressly object to the "no role" instruction that was given.7 Rather than assign error to that instruction, the City has instead argued that the court erred in not giving the two special instructions that sought to explain the pivotal distinction between taking an action because an employee testified, and taking an action because he admitted to misconduct while testifying. There are two reasons why waiver does not apply here.

First, even though the City did not specifically object to the instructions as they were originally given, we can review jury instructions for plain error in civil cases. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 51(d)(2). Plain error is: "(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.... If all three conditions are met, an appellate court may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631, 122 S.Ct. 1781, 1785, 152 L.Ed.2d 860 (2002) (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted) (emphasis added). It is apparent to me that the failure to give the "same decision" instruction that the City had requested was plain error on the facts of this case, as it deprived the City of its entire defense and thus seriously affected the fairness and integrity of the trial.

To prevail on his retaliation claim, the jury was instructed that Avila had to prove: (1) that he was engaged in protected activity when he testified in the Maciel case; (2) that he was then subjected to an adverse employment action; and (3) that his Maciel testimony was a "motivating factor" in the decision to take that adverse action. This is a somewhat unique case in that all three elements — from the jury's perspective — were essentially indisputable. As for the first two, Avila obviously engaged in protected activity by testifying in the Maciel action, after which he was obviously subjected to adverse action. As for the third element, because the City's entire defense was that it took the adverse action based upon the misconduct that Avila admitted during his testimony, the protected activity obviously "contributed to" the decision to take that action. The trial judge specifically instructed the jury that: "If the plaintiff has proved all three of these elements, the plaintiff is entitled to your verdict." These are the first three elements of this circuit's pattern "mixed motive" instruction — but the judge left out the same decision affirmative defense, which is what the "mixed motive" instruction is all about. Consequently, the jury was told that the only way for the City to avoid liability, per the judge's deviation from the pattern instruction, was if it could somehow prove that the trial testimony in Maciel "played no role" in the action — which, of course, it could not possibly do. In other words, there was no way for the City to prevail under the instructions as given to the jury, and the outcome of the case was predetermined. I believe this instructional error was plain.8

Furthermore, even if the trial judge's failure to give the "same decision" instruction was not plain error, this issue was not waived because that omission plus the inconsistent "no role" instruction that was given led directly to — and aggravated — the jury's obvious confusion, and it cannot be separated from the equally meritorious special instructions argument that the City has advanced on appeal. As will be seen, the two arguments are inextricably interrelated.

During their first full day of deliberations, the jurors (who had deliberated only part of the day before) sent out a note asking the following three questions:

Both counsel and the trial judge agreed that the answer to the first two questions was "yes," but there was disagreement as to the third. Avila's lawyer suggested at the time that the act of testifying and the testimony itself were both protected, but the City's lawyer believed that was legally incorrect because, "obviously, there's examples, if you admitted committing a homicide in an FLSA proceeding, I don't think anybody would argue that would be protected activity." Although the judge could have easily answered the third question, he ultimately decided (with both counsel agreeing) to respond by simply re-reading a previous stipulation reflecting that Avila had testified in the Maciel action and that "[t]he giving of this testimony is protected activity under the [FLSA]."

The jury continued to deliberate the rest of that day. Still confused on the third day, however, it sent out a second series of questions:

The trial judge's following summary of these questions as he began his discussion with counsel accurately describes the jury's dilemma:

Avila's counsel replied that he "generally agree[d] with what the court is trying to communicate." However, he maintained that it was "more precisely stated" in the (erroneous) "motivating factor/no role" instruction that had already been given to the jury. After quoting from that instruction, Avila's attorney stated as follows:

(Emphasis added).9 Defense counsel responded by agreeing with what the trial judge had said at the beginning of the discussion, i.e., that there is "a distinction between the act of testifying ... versus the content of the testimony[.]" He then reminded the court: "We proposed two special instructions that directly address this pivotal issue. Those instructions were rejected by the court. Let me reoffer them for the court to consider because it does seem since the jury has the ["motivating factor/no role" instruction] they're struggling with it." The judge once again rejected the two special instructions and (over the City's objection) decided to re-read the erroneous instruction to the jury because, he said, "this is getting way too complicated." After the judge announced what he planned to do, the City made one last attempt and requested, in the alternative, that the judge at least give the jury "the explanation that you provided to counsel when you came on to the bench, the distinction between the giving of testimony and the use and contents of the testimony." The court replied "that will not be done at this time."

The trial judge thus not only failed to correct the erroneous instruction — by giving "special instructions" that could have freed the clearly struggling jury from the "circular reasoning process" that he himself believed it was "caught in" — but he actually repeated and compounded the original error by just re-reading the same erroneous instruction. This sequence shows the inseparable overlap between the original instructional error regarding the lack of a proper "same decision" defense (which has not been directly raised on appeal) and the court's response to the jury questions and refusal to give the special clarifying instructions (which has been).

In sum, Avila obviously engaged in protected activity when he testified in Maciel, but it is also obvious that he admitted to "serious misconduct" during his testimony, which provided a legitimate basis for discipline. Prior to trial, the City requested special instructions to address that issue, but they were rejected. After the jury was inexplicably told that the City could prevail only if it proved that the Maciel trial testimony "played no role," the jury was clearly (and understandably) confused about whether it could separate Avila's admitted misconduct as ground for discipline from the protected act of testifying. To try and remedy the problem, the City once again proposed — but the trial judge once again rejected — special instructions that could have cleared up the jury's confusion on this point.

The majority says that the two special instructions "would have done more to confuse than to clarify", Maj. Op. at 1103, but it is hard to see how the jury could have possibly been more confused than they already were with the instructions as given. To the extent the special instructions were themselves confusingly-written, the judge could have done what the City had requested as an alternative to giving those instructions: just tell the jurors as he succinctly told the lawyers: "they can't terminate him for testifying, but they can terminate him if he made an admission that provided separate grounds for termination that arose to good cause." That simple and uncomplicated clarifying statement would not have confused the jury and would have provided the answer to the problem that had been created by the erroneous instruction.

As it was, however, the trial judge twice instructed the jury that the City, to prove its defense, must show that Avila's testimony in Maciel "played no role" in the challenged action, which was legally incorrect. Thus, once Avila quite easily met his threshold case, the City did not have the opportunity for the jury to even consider its defense: that it took the action because of the admitted misconduct, and not for the mere act of testifying. I believe this was not only plain error, but it was so closely related to the persuasive special instructions argument that the City has raised that the issue has clearly not been waived.

B.

The majority next maintains that, even if the error had not been waived, the result would not change as there was literally "no evidence" to warrant the "same decision" jury instruction. See Maj. Op. at 1103, 1101 (emphasis in original). With this assertion (and other similar representations), the majority appears to suggest that the evidence at trial was so indicative of retaliation that the City basically had no defense.10 A close and careful review of the full trial record reveals that there was ample evidence to support the same decision defense, as the case was much closer than the majority's opinion suggests. The following evidence was presented to the jury:

The LAPD is a very large municipal employer with approximately 10,000 sworn members. At the time relevant here, it was LAPD "official" policy that any officers who worked through their 45-minute lunch break — generally known as a "Code 7" — should fill out an overtime slip, report it on their Daily Field Activity Report ("DFAR"), and be paid accordingly. DFARs were completed at the end of each shift, and if there were problems with the report as submitted, a "Kick-back Sergeant" would return it the following day to be corrected. Although this was the LAPD's "official" policy, there were allegations that some supervisors adhered to an "unwritten policy" of coercing and discouraging the officers from reporting any overtime for less than one hour. There were multiple FLSA overtime cases filed against the City involving this allegation, including some large class actions that had thousands of class members. The cases posed "big problems" for the LAPD and exposed it to "huge liability."

So, in March 2003, and again in June 2005, the LAPD issued two policy memos expressly stating that there was no "unwritten policy" of not being paid overtime and that all overtime hours must be properly reported or the employee would be subject to termination. The officers were further told that if anyone felt pressure or coercion to not report all of their overtime, they had the "affirmative obligation" to report the source of that pressure or coercion, and they could do so anonymously and outside the regular chain of command. The failure to report all overtime and the failure to report supervisors who encouraged such conduct was insubordination, which was considered to be "serious misconduct."

At some point during this time, the Chief of Police and "top management" made the determination and decision that the LAPD would investigate claims of FLSA violations only where the alleged violators were specifically identified. It was thus incumbent on the individual making the charge(s) to provide adequate information — like names, dates, and times — to facilitate an investigation as the LAPD had limited resources and could not do "fishing expedition" investigations of hundreds (potentially thousands) of unnamed officers and still function as a law enforcement agency. The evidence presented to the jury was that whenever alleged violators were specifically identified, they were investigated by Internal Affairs.

Avila joined the LAPD in 1997, and he was assigned to patrol in the Central Division. He had the "distinct recollection" of having received and reviewed both the March 2003 and June 2005 policy memos. On or about February 23, 2007, he joined one of the ongoing lawsuits against the City and alleged that the LAPD had denied him overtime pay under the FLSA. Roberto Alaniz v. City of Los Angeles, 2:04-CV-8592-GAF (doc. 637).11

In January 2008, almost a year after he joined in the Alaniz lawsuit, Avila testified in the Maciel litigation. Yvette Bass, a detective with Risk Management for the LAPD, was in the courtroom to observe the trial. While testifying, Avila admitted under oath that for several years he and myriad unnamed "other officers" knowingly and repeatedly violated the FLSA and LAPD "official" policy by not reporting overtime when they worked through their Code 7s. He testified that he did this, even though he knew it constituted "serious misconduct," because he felt "intimidated" by supervisors who "discouraged" him from requesting overtime in that situation. He never reported any of the supervisors, however, which he knew was separate misconduct. He further testified that he would sometimes put missed Code 7s on his DFARs, but the Kick-back Sergeants would give them back to him the following day and order him to falsify the records. He did not ever report any of the Kick-back Sergeants who allegedly told him to do this, and he testified that he falsified DFARs "over and over again", even though he knew it was even still more misconduct.12

With his trial testimony in Maciel, Avila implicated potentially hundreds of unnamed supervisors and possibly hundreds of unnamed officers, but he provided almost nothing to support his claims. He readily admits that he never provided any specific dates or times, and he admits that he provided almost no names.13 In fact, even though he claimed that it had been going on for years, he only identified two supervisors who allegedly pressured him to not report overtime: Sergeant Walker and Sergeant Miyazaki. Sergeant Walker died years before, but Sergeant Miyazaki was still with the LAPD, and, in fact, had also testified in the Maciel case. During his testimony in that litigation, Miyazaki stated that he had "probably" violated the overtime rules.

Detective Bass reported what she observed at the Maciel trial, after which an internal complaint was brought against both Avila and Sergeant Miyazaki. The complaint was brought against Sergeant Miyazaki for two reasons: because Avila specifically identified and accused him of misconduct, and (like Avila) "because he might have implicated himself in his own testimony." During the investigation, Internal Affairs asked Avila multiple times to confirm if his Maciel testimony had been accurate, and he agreed that it was. Subsequently, the charge against him was sustained, as the complaint adjudicator determined (based on his sworn testimony) that he "was clearly aware of the FLSA policies but violated them anyway." The complaint against Sergeant Miyazaki, meanwhile, was deemed to be unfounded.14 The adjudicator found as follows with respect to Miyazaki:

After the investigation, the Chief ordered Avila to a hearing before the BOR. In response, Avila filed a complaint in state court to stop the hearing from moving forward and, in connection with that proceeding, he filed a sworn declaration in which he again: (1) admitted that for years he knowingly failed to report overtime when he worked through his Code 7s, and (2) confirmed that his Maciel testimony was accurate. Ultimately, he lost his bid to stop the BOR from holding its hearing.

Avila appeared at the BOR with counsel to contest the charge. He decided to resign from the LAPD on the first day of the hearing and did not return after the lunch break. Pursuant to BOR procedure and written direction from the Chief, the hearing continued without him for the next three days, during which his attorney fully participated, examined witnesses, lodged objections, put on evidence, and presented his defense. After hearing the evidence, the BOR panel assigned to the case (which was comprised of two LAPD Captains and one civilian) found Avila guilty of "serious misconduct" and recommended termination. He was thereafter "terminated", even though he had already resigned and his resignation accepted.15

Avila did not appeal the BOR's determination. Importantly, this means, as the district court had earlier held, that he is "bound by the factual findings of the BOR — that he violated departmental policy and that such insubordination was grounds for termination — and [he] cannot challenge those findings[.]"

With the foregoing in mind, I do not agree that the City had "no evidence" to support the "same decision" affirmative defense. This court has said that, for the proof required to assert this defense, an employer need only have "some objective evidence" that it would have taken the same action notwithstanding the protected activity. See Metoyer v. Chassman, 504 F.3d 919, 939-40 (9th Cir.2007) (citation omitted). Because the inquiry is "an intensely factual one", mixed motive defenses "are generally for the jury to decide." Id. at 940 (citation omitted).

I have included these evidentiary details from the record because the majority states "[i]t simply cannot be argued on this record that Avila would have been fired had he not testified." See Maj. Op. at 1103. In my opinion, the majority fails to draw the critical distinction between the act of testifying and admitting to insubordination while testifying. There is no legal basis for treating the testimony as privileged. An employee is not entitled to full use immunity when he testifies during an otherwise protected proceeding. He can testify without fear of reprisal unless he implicates himself in some manner. Thus, as in this case, where there is evidence before the jury that an employee admitted under penalty of perjury that he was knowingly and repeatedly insubordinate for many years, that testimony is automatically "some objective evidence" for the "same decision" defense. This is because, in such a case, the jury could easily determine that the employer would have done the same thing independent of the fact that the employee had testified (for example, if the misconduct had been discovered in some other way). The jury would, of course, not be required to make such a finding — it might find that the adverse action was retaliatory — but it could, depending on all of the evidence in the case. Accordingly, the "same decision" defense instruction is warranted if an employee admits to misconduct while testifying.

Consider the facts of this case. Avila was a very good (albeit not a "model") police officer who received favorable performance reviews — even after he sued the LAPD for allegedly violating his FLSA rights. See supra note 11. There does not appear to have been any reason for adverse action against him before he took the stand in Maciel and testified as he did. If the knowing and repeated "serious misconduct" that he admitted to during his testimony is not sufficient evidence to support the same decision defense in and of itself, the logic of that position would necessarily mean that he could have admitted to just about anything — including "widespread beating of civilians" — and still not have been fired as his record was mostly unblemished and did not otherwise warrant discipline. To the extent that the majority suggests there must be "other evidence of the alleged infraction" separate from the admissions on the stand, see Maj. Op. at 1103, that is simply not the law, as even Avila's counsel conceded in the district court and on this appeal. See supra note 2.

Moreover, even if Avila's admissions on the stand could not be used as the basis for the "same decision" instruction, there was separate "other evidence" that would qualify. For example, Avila testified in this case that he saw Detective Bass in the courtroom before he testified in Maciel, and she introduced herself and told him that she was there to watch the trial for Risk Management. Very significantly, Avila has conceded that if he had told her exactly what he was about to testify to, she would have been "required" to report him, and he would have "expect[ed]" to be disciplined. While that pre-testimony conversation with Detective Bass never took place, Avila confirmed the accuracy of his Maciel testimony to investigators after he testified (and before he was fired). If a pre-testimony admission could — according to Avila himself — justify discipline and thus provide a foundation for a "same decision" defense, then his post-testimony confirmation of those admissions should as well.

Further, the majority's statement that "[t]he uncontested evidence in this case is that Avila would not have been fired had he not testified", see Maj. Op. at 1101, is difficult to reconcile with Avila's own testimony. As just noted, he expressly conceded that if he had said exactly what he testified to in the Maciel case in any other setting then he would have "expect[ed]" the LAPD to discipline him. That concession by itself is sufficient evidence to support the "same decision" defense instruction. Cf. Gilbrook v. City of Westminster, 177 F.3d 839, 855 (9th Cir.1999) (stating "an employee cannot use protected conduct as a shield against a dismissal that would have occurred even in the absence of the protected conduct").

In addition, the sworn declaration that Avila filed to try and stop the BOR hearing further affirmed that he knowingly violated the LAPD's official policy by not reporting overtime and not reporting supervisors who allegedly told him to do so. This evidence — separate and apart from his testimony in Maciel — provided other grounds for the "same decision" instruction.

Finally, Avila did not appeal or challenge the BOR's ruling. Consequently, as the district court held earlier in this case, and as Avila does not dispute on this appeal, he is bound by the BOR's factual findings, including "that he violated departmental policy and that such insubordination was grounds for termination[.]" This is separate and independent "other evidence" to support the "same decision" affirmative defense.

Thus, even if Avila's admitted misconduct while testifying was not "some objective evidence" to support the "same decision" instruction all by itself (and I believe it was), there was considerable other evidence at trial: his post-testimony confirmation of the insubordination, his sworn declaration, the legally binding administrative factual findings, and his testimony before the jury in this case that he would have been disciplined if he had said the exact same thing while not testifying. Far from there being "no evidence" to support the City's affirmative defense, there was, in fact, ample evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found that the City would have made the "same decision" in this case.

C.

As to whether the error here was harmless, both the majority's opinion and Avila's brief rely on Lambert v. Ackerley, 180 F.3d 997 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc), which held that the district court's failure to give a same decision instruction was harmless. Harmless error analysis, of course, "rests on the particular facts" of each individual case. See United States v. Frazin, 780 F.2d 1461, 1471 (9th Cir.1986). What is harmless error in one case "could well, under a different set of facts," not be considered harmless in another case. See id. It is thus important to compare the facts of Lambert to the facts presented here, and note the three significant ways in which the cases are very different.

First, as the court recognized, the evidence in Lambert was overwhelming, as it was a "rare" mixed motive case that had direct evidence of retaliation (to wit, a statement from a supervisor that plaintiff would "definitely not have a job" and would "be fired" if she filed a FLSA claim). 180 F.3d at 1008-09. The panel said that the direct evidence "strongly support[ed]" its harmless error finding. See id.; accord Merritt, 120 F.3d at 1188-91 (concluding that an employee who admits to misconduct while testifying in a protected proceeding may be terminated and the employer will be granted summary judgment, unless there is "direct evidence of retaliatory motive"). There was no direct evidence here, and there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to support a verdict for the City.

Second, the Lambert court found it very important — and spent two pages discussing the fact — that the jury awarded the employee $12 million in punitive damages. See id. at 1009-10 (citing cases where it was held that "an instructional error regarding liability [is] harmless in light of a punitive damages award"). Not only were punitive damages not awarded in this case, but the jury awarded Availa about 1% of the compensatory damages that he sought.16

Third, the jurors in Lambert did not ask two sets of multiple questions while deliberating into the third day (after hearing only three days of evidence), strongly suggesting that they were confused by the instructions and having a difficult time reconciling them with the evidence. Cf. Rose v. Lane, 910 F.2d 400, 403 (7th Cir.1990) (stating in a habeas case that involved an erroneous instruction which led to follow-up jury question: "While this question could have a variety of implications, it indicates possible jury confusion over the manslaughter instructions and therefore contributes to our finding that the instructions were not harmless.").17

In this case, the absence of the "same decision" defense instruction and the inclusion of the "no role" instruction had the practical effect of depriving the City of its entire defense. This circuit and several others have held, albeit mostly (but not exclusively) in the criminal context, that an error cannot be found harmless if it "precludes or impairs the presentation of [a defendant's] sole means of defense." United States v. Carter, 491 F.2d 625, 630 (5th Cir.1974); see also United States v. Peak, 856 F.2d 825, 834-35 (7th Cir.1988); United States v. Harris, 733 F.2d 994, 1005 (2d Cir.1984); accord United States v. Evans, 728 F.3d 953, 967 (9th Cir.2013) (concluding that trial judge's erroneous exclusion of the "central piece of evidence" for defendant's "main defense" and which went to the "very heart" of the dispute could not be harmless, notwithstanding the "overwhelming volume and substance of the government's evidence"); Ashcraft & Gerel v. Coady, 244 F.3d 948, 949, 954 (D.C.Cir.2001) (holding that trial error in a civil case which went "to the very heart of [the defendant's] defense" and was "central to [his] defense" could not be deemed harmless "in the absence of any steps by the district court to mitigate the effects of the error").

The error was not only not harmless, but, it seems to me, objectively plain.

III

The FLSA's anti-retaliation provision serves a noble purpose. However, it does not extend so far as to immunize an employee who takes the stand and admits to serious misconduct. While the public interest may favor a liberal application of retaliation statutes in some cases, it is highly questionable whether that interest is being served here. The inherent unfairness is that the public (i.e., taxpayers of Los Angeles) will be required to pay about $700,000.00 in a case where, because of an erroneous instruction that was twice given (and special instructions that were twice denied), their city was deprived of the chance to defend itself. That error, based on the jury questions, appears to have been outcome-determinative. While reasonable jurors (and judges) may disagree on the merits of this case, what should be beyond disagreement is that the City and its citizens were denied the fundamental right of defense to which they were entitled under the law. Reversible error occurred, and this case should be remanded for a new trial.

I respectfully dissent.